Building Capacity for Coping with Weather and Climate Hazards
Decision-makers both need to be aware of the threats and vulnerabilities inherent in environmental change and have the capability to respond to them. Capacity building is a long-term, on-going process in which scientific information can provide critical input to all stakeholders and increase the potential for successfully addressing change. SERE conducts focused activities through the CCB to develop increased capabilities to address various climate-related environmental changes, including desertification, coastal urban flooding and water resources. Operational goals and milestones can be used to measure the progress being made toward a level at which capacity can be said to have been "built" and becomes self-sustaining.
Institututional Aspects of Vulnerability and Adaptation: Marine Fisheries
Over the past few decades, rapid technological and socioeconomic changes have fueled explosive growth in global marine fish harvests. The resulting competitive harvesting race has often squandered the potential economic value of these resources while significantly damaging both targeted and non-targeted fish populations. Efforts to avoid those unwanted outcomes have led to the creation of new international fishery governance institutions, but they have often proven to be ineffective or fragile in the face of intense competitive pressures and significant uncertainties. Scientific progress may help to resolve some of those uncertainties. For example, ongoing research under the IGBP GLOBEC umbrella promises to improve our understanding of the effects of climate-driven processes on the migratory behavior and abundance of a number of commercially important marine species. There is a danger, however, in that improved predictability could do more harm than good if it merely fostered a faster race to the “tragedy of the commons.” A better understanding of the roles of uncertainty and information in competitive international fisheries and in the development and operation of international fisheries governance institutions is urgently needed.
Kathleen Miller has played a leading role in two projects aimed at addressing these issues. In collaboration with Robert McKelvey (U. Montana) and Peter Golubtsov ( Moscow State Lomonosov University, Russia ), Dr. Miller is studying the dynamics of competition and cooperation in global tuna fisheries using historical information and mathematic game theoretic models. The project is making innovative contributions to the analysis of international fishery management problems by modeling the distinctly different roles and motivations of three different types of players. In FY08, the project team will incorporate results into a set of workshop talks and journal papers.
The second project aims to foster the development of a multidisciplinary research community focused on sustaining internationally shared oceanic fishery resources in the presence of climate change and other sources of stress and uncertainty. Dr. Miller led a team of scientists in organizing an international workshop in April 2007, at UC Santa Barbara, entitled: “ The Challenge of Change: Managing for Sustainability of Oceanic Top Predator Species.” The workshop contributed to the international CLIOTOP (Climate Impacts on Oceanic Top Predators) project by promoting active collaboration among academic researchers and resource managers from a wide range of social and natural science disciplines. Outside collaborators in the planning effort were: Dr. Gail Osherenko (UC Santa Barbara), Dr. Peter Jacques (U. Central Florida), Dr. Robert McKelvey (U. Montana), Dr. Rémi Mongruel (IFREMER, France), and Dr. D.G. Webster (USC). In FY08, key presentations from the workshop will be developed into chapters for a book, to be edited by Dr. Miller in collaboration with Dr. Osherenko.
This work is supported by the National Science Foundation, as well as funds from the NSF Community Building Project, DRU (Decision, Risk, and Uncertainty), which funded the workshop.
Climate Change and Water: Municipal Planning
Significant uncertainties regarding local-scale hydrologic changes present both practical and conceptual challenges to urban water planners. As a result, NCAR and the American Water Works Research Foundation (AwwaRF) have initiated a new project that is focused on helping water utilities to plan effectively for adaptation to climate-change impacts, despite the uncertainties. The project will develop decision support tools and a framework for analysis that water utilities can use to explore their options for managing climate change risks.
During FY07, Kathleen Miller (ISSE) and David Yates (RAL) collaborated with a small number of urban water providers and one regional water planning body to develop a structured decision-analytic approach to infrastructure and management planning that will incorporate results from a suite of climate models into a simple but useful integrated water management model. The project included other ongoing NCAR research projects, including SERE research on probabilistic regional climate change scenarios and work in RAL on integrated water resource management modeling.
During FY08 the project will focus on working with this set of industry partners to develop pilot applications of the structured assessment approach to actual planning problems. Particular attention will be given to methods for identifying alternatives that are robust to the range of uncertainty surrounding local-scale hydrological impacts of global climate change, as well as to other sources of uncertainty. The structured assessment process entails: 1) identifying key objectives, vulnerabilities, and an initial set of planning options; 2) building the integrated water resource management models and testing the sensitivity of the outcomes of the planning options to a plausible range of climate changes 3) using the climate model output to evaluate the likelihood of alternative climate futures and to generate downscaled climate scenario data at sufficiently high spatial and temporal resolutions to conduct more detailed evaluations of planning options and 4) evaluating the robustness, adaptability, resilience and cost effectiveness of the planning options under a range of assumptions about future climate variables as well as the values of uncertain parameters in the model, future demands for water resources services, societal valuations and willingness to accept risks; 5) iterating the process to identify and evaluate other planning options and to define research needs. The results of this process can then be used by water utilities to design strategies that best meet multiple objectives in the context of current uncertainties. Furthermore, the proposed structured assessment process can promote fair and open policy development by facilitating transparent consideration of alternatives and common understandings of the sensitivities of policy outcomes to key uncertainties.
This research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation, with additional funding from AwwaRF.
Adapting to Climate Change in Urban Areas
The research report “Adapting to Climate Change in Urban Areas. The possibilities and constraints in low- and middle-income nations” (http://www.iied.org/HS/topics/accc.html) was commissioned by the Rockefeller Foundation to serve as a background paper for a discussion on Climate Change and Cities at the Foundation's Global Urban Summit, Innovations for an Urban World, in Bellagio in July 2007.
This report, which involved the collaboration of scholars from Asia, Africa, Latin America and Europe, discusses the possibilities for adaptation to climate change in urban areas in low- and middle-income nations. These contain a third of the world's population and a large proportion of the people and economic activities most at risk from sea-level rise and from the heatwaves, storms and floods whose frequency and/or intensity climate change is likely to increase. Section I outlines both the potentials for adaptation and the constraints, with section II discussing the scale of urban change. Section III considers direct and indirect impacts of climate change on urban areas and discusses which nations, cities and population groups are particularly at risk. This highlights how prosperous, well-governed cities can generally adapt, at least for the next few decades – assuming global efforts at mitigation successfully halt and then reverse global emissions of greenhouse gases. But most of the world's urban population lives in cities or smaller urban centres ill-equipped for adaptation – with weak and ineffective local governments and with very inadequate provision for the infrastructure and services needed to reduce climate-change-related risks and vulnerabilities. A key part of adaptation concerns infrastructure and buildings – but much of the urban population in Africa, Asia and Latin America has no infrastructure to adapt – no all-weather roads, piped water supplies or drains – and lives in poor-quality housing in floodplains or on slopes at risk of landslides.
Most international agencies have long refused to support urban programmes, especially those that address these problems. Section IV discusses innovations by urban governments and community organizations and in financial systems that address such problems, including the relevance of recent innovations in disaster-risk reduction for adaptation. But it also notes how few city and national governments are taking any action on adaptation. Section V discusses how local innovation in adaptation can be encouraged and supported at national scale, and the funding needed to support this. Section VI considers the mechanisms for financing this and the larger ethical challenges that achieving adaptation raises – especially the fact that most climate-change-related urban (and rural) risks are in low-income nations with the least adaptive capacity, including many that have contributed very little to greenhouse-gas emissions.
Prototype Workshop on Water Affairs
During FY07, CCB held an international, multidisciplinary workshop on Water Affairs at the Water Resources University in Hanoi, Vietnam. This workshop brought together hydrologists from several countries in the Southeast Asian region to attend this prototype education and training activity. It is not only important to share knowledge, but also to discuss climate-society-environment interactions, as they can be seen as providing the setting for a discussion of Water Affairs. Participants helped to develop an activity that will foster a multidisciplinary focus on water and water-related issues; embed hydrological science in a societal setting; educate educators and train trainers in a wide range of areas about the hidden, as well as obvious, connections among water, atmospheric processes, and human activities.
The workshop also attempted to build human and institutional capacity to cope with a wide range of water and water-related issues such as downstream impacts, as well as catalyze interactions among the water, weather, and climate applications, research, and outreach communities. A website, along with a full report of the workshop and a PDF version for printing, is available at the website at www.ccb.ucar.edu/waf/.
This activity was sponsored by NSF, with support from the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and Hanoi's Water Resources University.
Improving Communication and Use of Extreme Weather Warnings
Extreme weather events such as hurricanes and floods cause substantial life loss and injuries, devastating lives and communities. Warnings of such events, if communicated effectively, can provide critical information to aid governmental decisions and self-protective action by at-risk populations. Improving weather warning systems has been identified as a high priority by The Office of Science and Technology Policy Subcommittee on Disaster Reduction (2005), the National Research Council (2006), the National Science Board (2007), the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology (2007), and others. Addressing this priority is a challenging interdisciplinary problem, requiring integrated research to develop end-to-end-to-end understanding of the communication of information and its use in decision-making at multiple levels.
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In FY07, a team of NCAR and university researchers with expertise in meteorology, economics, sociology, public policy, and decision science developed a multi-year research project to understand components of weather warning systems and their interactions. Using a multi-method approach, the research team will examine the interactions among four sets of participants in the warning and decision process -- forecasters, public officials, the media, and the public. Research questions focus around how extreme weather warnings are communicated, interpreted, and used by different participants. The project will examine both hurricanes and flash floods, each of which presents unique challenges for warning systems and decision making in the face of risk and uncertainty. This project also contributes to NCAR Goal 1, priority 2 and Goal 2, priority 1.
Work on this project will begin in FY08 with organizational interviews, focus groups, and mental model interviews with forecasters, public officials, media representatives, and members of the public. Over several years, the research team will seek to synthesize findings from multiple study components and work with stakeholders to aid the design and management of integrated warning systems for extreme weather events.
National Research Council, 2006. Completing the Forecast: Characterizing and Communicating Uncertainty for Better Decisions Using Weather and Climate Forecasts. National Academies Press, 124 pp.
National Science Board, 2007. Hurricane warning: The critical need for a national hurricane research initiative. 40pp. Available online at http://www.nsf.gov/nsb/committees/hurricane/report.pdf.
Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology, 2007. Interagency strategic research plan for tropical cyclones: The way ahead. 270 pp. Available online at http://www.ofcm.gov/p36-isrtc/fcm-p36.htm.
Subcommittee on Disaster Reduction, 2005. Grand challenges for disaster reduction. 22 pp. Available online at http://www.sdr.gov/SDRGrandChallengesforDisasterReduction.pdf.
Research collaborators:
Dr. Jeff Lazo, Societal Impacts Program / Research Applications Laboratory / Institute for the Study of Society and Environment
Dr. Rebecca Morss, Mesoscale and Microscale Meteorology / Institute for the Study of Society and Environment
Ms. Julie Demuth, Institute for the Study of Society and Environment / Research Applications Laboratory
Dr. Kathleen Tierney, University of Colorado, Department of Sociology / Natural Hazards Center
Dr. Jeannette Sutton, University of Colorado, Natural Hazards Center
Dr. Ann Bostrom, University of Washington, Evans School of Public Affairs
This research is supported by the National Science Foundation's Human and Social Dynamics program, and by NCAR's Collaborative Program on the Societal Impacts and Economic Benefits of Weather Information (SIP), which is funded by the National Science Foundation and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration through the U.S. Weather Research Program.
Building Capacity in Asia to Adapt to Climate Change
It has been long recognized that developing countries in Asia, especially China and India, are not only significantly affected by global climate change, but they are also among the biggest contributors to anthropogenic causes of global climate change. These countries, however, all lack the capability to adapt to the potential impacts of climate change.
In order to unite the international community to deal with global climate change, it is first and foremost necessary to develop a "common language" which can be used and understood internationally. Since 2002, the building of adaptation capacity in Asian countries has been assisted significantly by building prototype "Climate Affairs" programs. In addition to the two research and training centers established in Northwest China, the "Marginal Land Affairs" program and the "Coastal Urban Affairs" program have also been developed in Northeast and Southeast China. CCB has continued to build these connections and to assist in the development of these programs.
Partners include the central government agencies in China, such as the Ministry of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Education, the Chinese Association for Science and Technology, the National Natural Science Foundation, and provincial governments, such as in Xinjiang, Gansu, Heilongjiang, Shanghai, and Beijing. Universities in China that have become involved in these activities include Xinjiang University, Lanzhou University, East China Normal University, Beijing Normal University, and Nanjing Agricultural University. Researchers and educators from other countries, i.e., Russia, Sweden, Germany, Nepal, Canada, and the United States have become involved in the development of these activities.
During FY08, CCB will work with various international organizations, including UN agencies, universities aroound the world, and international companies to explore the promotion of the concept of "Climate Affairs" to undergraduates. NSF, through its support of CCB and SERE, will provide support for this effort.
This project is supported by NSF, the Chinese Academy of Science and Technology, and the Chinese Ministry of Education.
Educating Undergraduates through a Student Research Study of the Public's Response to Hurricane Rita Forecasts
Following the devastation of Hurricane Katrina, Hurricane Rita was the first major hurricane to strike the U.S. coastline. Rita affected a large area of the Gulf Coast during late September 2005, causing at least seven deaths and an estimated $10 billion in damage. Because of forecast uncertainties and the recent effects of Hurricane Katrina, Rita also caused one of the largest evacuations in U.S. history, generating major traffic jams and trapping hundreds of thousands of motorists on roadways.
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After witnessing Rita and its impacts, several Texas A&M University meteorology students wanted to investigate Rita's forecasts and societal impacts in greater depth. In response, a Texas A&M professor and NCAR researcher developed a classroom-based student research project at Texas A&M in the spring semester of 2006. As part of the project, students conducted in-person interviews with Texas Gulf Coast residents about the public's preparation and evacuation decisions prior to Hurricane Rita, their perceptions of hurricane risk, and their sources, perceptions, and uses of Rita forecasts. The research project produced new knowledge about how the public experiences and copes with hazardous hurricanes. The project also generated substantial educational benefits for the students. Based on these benefits, the project and class serve as a prototype for linking meteorological education to reality through undergraduate research. This research-education paradigm can be used to investigate a variety of topics of interest to students, teachers, the research community, and society.
In FY07, the research team completed a peer-reviewed journal article, co-authored with the students, on the public's perceptions of and response to Hurricane Rita forecasts along the Texas Coast (in press in Weather and Forecasting ). The two PIs completed a peer-reviewed journal article discussing the research-education paradigm and how others can implement it (in review at the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society ). The PIs and students also presented the project at several conferences and workshops.
A proposal has been submitted to the National Science Foundation that includes a follow-on student-based project for Hurricane Katrina. Several professors have also expressed potential interest in developing similar projects at their institutions, and in FY08 and beyond, the researchers will work with them and others as appropriate to provide similar experiences for other students.
Funding sources: NSF through NCAR, NSF and NOAA through NCAR's Societal Impacts Program, US Office of Naval Research through the Young Investigator's Program
Research team:
Dr. Rebecca Morss (MMM/ISSE)
Dr. Fuqing Zhang (Texas A&M Univ.)
J. A. Sippel, T. K. Beckman, N. C. Clements, N. L. Hampshire, J. N. Harvey, J. M. Hernandez, Z. C. Morgan, R. M. Mosier, S. Wang and S. D Winkley (students at Texas A&M Univ.)
Developing Socioeconomic Research Priorities for Weather Forcasts and THORPEX
Many weather forecasting programs are funded based on their potential to benefit society. The weather forecast community has thus had a long-term interest in weather-society interactions. Nevertheless, efforts to understand socioeconomic aspects of weather forecasting and to incorporate this knowledge into weather forecasting practice have yet to reach critical mass. To reinvigorate interest in societal and economic research and applications ( SERA ) activities within the meteorological and social science communities, an interdisciplinary team of NCAR, NOAA, and university researchers held a workshop in August 2006 to explore key SERA issues and propose SERA priorities for the next decade. The workshop was attended by researchers, practitioners, and funding agency representatives from the U.S., Canada, Mexico, and South Africa (representing developing country efforts). The workshop focused around developing a SERA agenda for the North American component of the World Meteorological Organization's THORPEX program. However, the leaders and participants discussed priorities related to a broad range of weather forecast research and applications, in North America and elsewhere.
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In FY07, an interdisciplinary team synthesized the workshop discussions into a peer-reviewed journal article (accepted by the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society ) that defines SERA research priorities, articulates their importance, and discusses next steps to facilitate the necessary interdisciplinary work. The priorities were also disseminated at U.S. and international conferences, and many of the ideas discussed in the article were incorporated into the U.S. THORPEX Science Plan. Plans for FY08 include continuing to articulate the importance of this research to the meteorological and social science communities and discussing the research priorities with funding agency representatives.
Funding sources: NSF through NCAR THORPEX Initiative and NCAR Societal Impacts Program, THORPEX International Program Office, other U.S. and Canadian agencies for workshop participant travel.
Team:
Rebecca Morss (MMM/ISSE)
Jeffrey Lazo (RAL/ISSE)
Barbara Brown (RAL)
Harold Brooks (NOAA)
Philip Ganderton ( Univ. of New Mexico)
Brian Mills (Environment Canada )
David Parsons (TIIMES)
Gregory Holland (MMM)
and over 35 additional workshop participants
Climate Change Communication and Social Change
Over the past several years, with climate extremes and the latest IPCC assessments in the news, with business and political action spouting at all levels of governance and in all sectors of society, and popular films like The Day After Tomorrow and the docu-drama An Inconvenient Truth, climate change has firmly become established on the public agenda. Public perceptions of the reality and seriousness of global warming are catching up with mainstream scientific consensus. There is still ample evidence, however, that a deeper understanding of climate change – of the science, impacts, and possible response strategies – and an active engagement through personal behavior change or political action remain superficial and spurious at best. Traditional means of communicating climate science continue to be largely ineffective at reaching the broader public and stimulating behavioral/personal, organization, institutional and political change. What can we learn from practitioners and experts in a variety of fields about more effective communication strategies in order to facilitate and support societal response to this global problem?
In FY07, Dr. Moser edited, together with University of Colorado — Boulder assistant professor Dr. Lisa Dilling, a ground-breaking anthology on climate change communication in support of societal response to this global challenge (www.isse.ucar.edu/communication/book/). The book, which includes contributions from nearly 50 academic experts and practitioners from US, British and Canadian universities, state and local governments, and several non-governmental organizations, and several related articles, are directly in line with NCAR's strategic goals #2 and 3 to cultivate a scientifically literate and engaged citizenry, and enhance societal resilience to climate and weather. Since publication of Creating a Climate for Change, Dr. Moser has presented the project's key findings to lay, academic, advocacy, government and business audiences, both nationally and internationally. This outreach will continue in FY08 with the expected publication of the book's paperback version.
The project was funded by the MacArthur Foundation, NCAR's Environmental and Societal Impacts Group (now ISSE) and Walter Orr Roberts Institute, and the National Science Foundation.
Regional Impacts of Climate Change and Adaptation Strategies
Actual evidence of the impacts of climate change manifesting in different regions is emerging faster than expected, and not only in areas far from the U.S. or in particularly sensitive ecosystems. This is changing public debate about what might constitute a comprehensive risk management strategy for climate change, and how various mitigation (minimizing the pace and ultimate magnitude of human-caused climate change) and adaptation (preparing for, and responding to, the emerging impacts of climate change in particular places) strategies may be implemented.
Consistent with NCAR's overall strategic goal #2 to inform this debate and thereby enhance societal resilience to a changing climate, Dr. Moser continued her research in FY07 into questions such as: How are communities, states, and nations preparing for and responding to the growing threat from climate change? What are the barriers and limits to societal adaptation, and how can they be addressed? How can science best inform choices among adaptation strategies?
In her work on adaptation in coastal areas, Dr. Moser collaborated with University of Colorado—Boulder graduate student John Tribbia and colleagues at the University of California—Berkeley, Scripps Institute for Oceanography, and the Union of Concerned Scientists on the state of preparedness for the impacts of sea-level rise and related coastal hazards in California (http://www.isse.ucar.edu/moser/california/), and based on that work, also contributed to the IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report (working group on vulnerability, impacts, and adaptation), chapter 6 on coastal areas (www.ipcc.ch/). She also continues to contribute to the U.S. Climate Change Science Program-sponsored synthesis and assessment product 4.4, which addresses potential impacts on publicly owned land and possible adaptation strategies, especially in the chapter on National Forests led by the US Forest Service's Linda Joyce, together with several other experts from the EPA, University of Oregon, the US Forest Service, North Carolina State University, and the University of Washington . In another major effort, Dr. Moser oversaw as a member of the synthesis team (co-led by colleagues at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Harvard University, the University of Illinois—Urbana Champaign and the Union of Concerned Scientists) for the Northeast Climate Impacts Assessment (www.climatechoices.org/ne/index.html) a comprehensive regional assessment of the potential impacts of global warming on nine Northeastern U.S. states from Pennsylvania to the Canadian border. In that multi-collaborator assessment, she also continued her research on the potential limits and barriers to adaptation with colleagues from Clark University, Wesleyan University, and Tufts University.
In FY08 she will continue to present the findings from each of these research efforts, further explore the limits and barriers to adaptation, and launch a new research project on societal resilience. The work on these projects has been funded by the National Science Foundation, the State of California, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and various private foundations.
Science-Policy Interactions
Building on her previous research on science-policy interactions in the Global Environmental Assessment Project at Harvard University, and on her research regarding the assessment and management of uncertainties in the human dimensions of global change, during FY07 Dr. Moser continued her work on the question of how science can best serve society (stakeholders, policy- and decision-makers at various levels of government). This research focus goes to the heart of NCAR's overall mission and is consistent with its strategic goal #2 of increasing societal resilience to weather, climate, and other atmospheric hazards through a clear identification of information needs and a better understanding of decision processes.
Contributing to NCAR's Weather and Climate Impacts Assessment Science Program, she continued the development of a stepwise procedure to determine where and when scientific information (and information about the uncertainty associated with that science) is needed in the decision-making process. DUST - the Decision Uncertainty Screening Tool - is meant to serve as a heuristic that can help scientists and decision-makers communicate and interact more effectively. Furthermore, in her efforts at building collaborative ties between NCAR and the NOAA-funded Regional Integrated Sciences and Assessment (RISA) Program – she also continued her research on effective stakeholder engagement processes with the Pacific and Alaskan RISA centers, in collaboration with colleagues at the East-West Center and the University of Alaska — Fairbanks, respectively (www.isse.ucar.edu/risa/).
Both these strands of research will continue in FY08. This research was supported by the National Science Foundation and the Center for Cultural and Technical Interchange Between East and West, Inc.
Exploring Spatial Patterns of Societal Vulnerability to Extreme Heat
This study is focused on a spatial analysis of vulnerability and risk to excessive heat in two urban areas in the U.S. : Phoenix and Philadelphia . Two cities were analyzed in terms of their climatology, environmental and societal characteristics, previous cases of excessive heat impacts, and existing strategies for heat-wave mitigation. GIS and spatial statistics were used to identify spatial patterns of biophysical and social factors contributing to the heat-related morbidity and mortality.
Collaborators: O. Wilhelmi (NCAR), J. Samenow (EPA), C. Uejio (U. Wisconsin ), J. Golden (U. Arizona ), D. Mills (Stratus Consulting).
Spatial Patterns of Risk and Vulnerability in Extreme Precipitation Events: 1997 Fort Collins case study
Between 1983 and 2003, in the United States, flash floods caused nearly $4.5 Billion in damage and 98 deaths. Along the Front Range of Colorado's Rocky Mountains, variable precipitation, steep terrain, and a growing population combine to enhance flash flood risk. Although significant research has been performed on impacts and mitigation of flash flood events, a methodology for assessing societal vulnerability and risk in the Colorado Front Range region has not been fully developed. Based on the SOARS project of 2005 (B. Edwards – SOARS protégé), this study focuses on a spatial assessment of societal risk to extreme precipitation events and runoff. The 1997 extreme precipitation event, that caused a flood disaster in Fort Collins, Colorado, was used as a model event to assess societal risk and vulnerability to extreme precipitation events and flash flooding. The methodology developed in this study allowed for radar-derived precipitation data to be spatially integrated with socio-economic and demographic US Census-based data for spatial analysis. Spatial patterns of vulnerability were evaluated from both, “during event” or “response” and “post event” or “recovery” perspectives. The results provide a framework for a more in-depth study of flood risk utilizing near-real time precipitation data, hydrological models and more detailed socio-economic geographic data. In FY07 we completed development of the methodology and used a data set of 911 calls from
the flood to verify results. In FY08 we plan to submit a manuscript to a peer reviewed journal describing the methodology and presenting results from the analysis to the research and practitioner community.
Collaborators: O. Wilhelmi (ISSE), R. Morss ( MMM /ISSE) and B. Edwards (Oklahoma Department of Environmental Quality)